Phosphatase Subfamily Acr2 - Revision history

Gerard: /* Pteris vittata (fern) */

2016-04-29T18:59:02Z

‎Pteris vittata (fern)

Gerard: /* Pteris vittata (fern) */

2016-04-29T18:58:05Z

‎Pteris vittata (fern)

Gerard: /* Acr2, phosphatase or arsenate reductase? */

2016-04-29T18:57:22Z

‎Acr2, phosphatase or arsenate reductase?

Mark: /* Saccharomyces cerevisiae */

2015-11-20T00:40:56Z

‎Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mark: /* Saccharomyces cerevisiae */

2015-11-20T00:40:36Z

‎Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Gerard at 01:48, 23 August 2015

2015-08-23T01:48:51Z

Gerard: /* Saccharomyces cerevisiae */

2015-08-23T01:21:33Z

‎Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Gerard: /* Arabidopsis thaliana */

2015-08-22T23:30:07Z

‎Arabidopsis thaliana

Gerard: /* Arabidopsis thaliana */

2015-08-22T23:29:42Z

‎Arabidopsis thaliana

Gerard at 23:29, 22 August 2015

2015-08-22T23:29:24Z

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 ==== ''Pteris vittata'' (fern) ====
-''Pteris vittata'' has a single ACR2 (PvACR2). It product protein can suppress the arsenate sensitivity and arsenic hyperaccumulation phenotypes of yeast (''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'') lacking the arsenate reductase gene ACR2 <cite>fern05 fern06</cite>.  Interestingly, PvACR2 has replaced arginine with serine at the catalytic motif Cx5R, previously shown to be essential for phosphatase and reductase activity. While Acr2s in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' and rice show both arsenate reductase and phosphatase activities, PvACR2 only shows arsenate reductase activity <cite>fern06</cite>.
+''Pteris vittata'' has a single ACR2 (PvACR2). It can suppress the arsenate sensitivity and arsenic hyperaccumulation phenotypes of yeast lacking ACR2 <cite>fern05 fern06</cite>.  Interestingly, PvACR2 has replaced arginine with serine at the catalytic motif Cx5R, previously shown to be essential for phosphatase and reductase activity. While Acr2s in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' and rice show both arsenate reductase and phosphatase activities, PvACR2 only shows arsenate reductase activity <cite>fern06</cite>.
 ==== ''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii'' (green alga) ====

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 ==== ''Pteris vittata'' (fern) ====
-"Pteris vittata" has a single ACR2 (PvACR2). It product protein can suppress the arsenate sensitivity and arsenic hyperaccumulation phenotypes of yeast (''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'') lacking the arsenate reductase gene ACR2 <cite>fern05 fern06</cite>.  Interestingly, PvACR2 has replaced arginine with serine at the catalytic motif Cx5R, previously shown to be essential for phosphatase and reductase activity. While Acr2s in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' and rice show both arsenate reductase and phosphatase activities, PvACR2 only shows arsenate reductase activity <cite>fern06</cite>.
+''Pteris vittata'' has a single ACR2 (PvACR2). It product protein can suppress the arsenate sensitivity and arsenic hyperaccumulation phenotypes of yeast (''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'') lacking the arsenate reductase gene ACR2 <cite>fern05 fern06</cite>.  Interestingly, PvACR2 has replaced arginine with serine at the catalytic motif Cx5R, previously shown to be essential for phosphatase and reductase activity. While Acr2s in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' and rice show both arsenate reductase and phosphatase activities, PvACR2 only shows arsenate reductase activity <cite>fern06</cite>.
 ==== ''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii'' (green alga) ====

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 === Acr2, phosphatase or arsenate reductase? ===
-Acr2 is found in fungi, plants and protists, but not in animals. It is close to CDC25 in both sequence and structure. Yeast has both CDC25 and Acr2 orthologs ('''[[Yeast_Gene_MIH1|MIH1]]''' and '''[[Yeast_Gene_ARR2|ARR2]]''', respectively). They are generally regarded as tyrosine phosphatase involved in cell cycle and arsenate reductase, respectively. However, in plants, Acr2 is the only gene close to CDC25, and it is controversial whether it functions as both phosphatase and arsenate reductase ''in vivo'', and if not, what its major function is (see below). Actually, it is not very surprising that Acr2s can complement the arsenate-sensitive phenotype of arsenate reductase deletion strain of ''E. coli'' or of ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', since even human CDC25B and CDC25C has been shown to have arsenate reductase activity ''in vitro'' <cite>rosen-10</cite>.
+Acr2 is found in fungi, plants and protists, but not in animals. It is close to CDC25 in both sequence and structure. Yeast has both CDC25 and Acr2 orthologs ('''[[Yeast_Gene_MIH1|MIH1]]''' and '''[[Yeast_Gene_ARR2|ARR2]]''', respectively). They are regarded as tyrosine phosphatases involved in cell cycle and arsenate reductase, respectively. However, in plants, Acr2 is the only gene close to CDC25, and it is controversial whether it functions as both phosphatase and arsenate reductase ''in vivo'', and if not, what its major function is (see below). It is not very surprising that Acr2s can complement the arsenate-sensitive phenotype of arsenate reductase deletion strain of ''E. coli'' or of ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'', since even human CDC25B and CDC25C has been shown to have arsenate reductase activity ''in vitro'' <cite>rosen-10</cite>.
 ==== A brief review of arsentate reductase ====

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 ==== ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' ====
-Overexpressed yeast  [http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/locus.fpl?dbid=S000006404 ARR2] in ''E. coli'' showed arsenate reductase activity and complemented the arsenate-sensitive phenotype of an ArsC deletion <cite>rosen-98 rosen-00 yeo09</cite>. The Cx5R motif is required for its arsenate reductase activity  <cite>rosen-01</cite>. Arr2 is a fast evolving protein with no confident orthologs outside of closely-related species. ''S. cerevisiae'' has a gene named '''[[Yeast_Gene_YCH1|YCH1]]''' similar to ARR2.  ''S. cerevisiae'' has a [[Subfamily_CDC25|CDC25]] '''[[Yeast_Gene_MIH1|MIH1]]'''.
+Overexpressed yeast  [http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/locus.fpl?dbid=S000006404 ARR2] in ''E. coli'' showed arsenate reductase activity and complemented the arsenate-sensitive phenotype of an ArsC deletion <cite>rosen-98 rosen-00 yeo09</cite>. The Cx5R motif is required for its arsenate reductase activity  <cite>rosen-01</cite>. Arr2 is a fast evolving protein with no confident orthologs outside of closely-related species. ''S. cerevisiae'' has a gene named '''[[Yeast_Gene_YCH1|YCH1]]''' similar to ARR2 in sequence.  ''S. cerevisiae'' has a [[Subfamily_CDC25|CDC25]] '''[[Yeast_Gene_MIH1|MIH1]]'''.
 ==== ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' ====

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 ==== ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' ====
-Overexpressed yeast  [http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/locus.fpl?dbid=S000006404 ARR2] in ''E. coli'' showed arsenate reductase activity and complemented the arsenate-sensitive phenotype of an ArsC deletion <cite>rosen-98 rosen-00 yeo09</cite>. The Cx5R motif is required for its arsenate reductase activity  <cite>rosen-01</cite>. Arr2 is a fast evolving protein with no confident orthologs outside of closely-related species. ''S. cerevisiae'' also encodes two  [[Subfamily_CDC25|CDC25]]s, '''[[Yeast_Gene_MIH1|MIH1]]''' and '''[[Yeast_Gene_YCH1|YCH1]]'''.
+Overexpressed yeast  [http://www.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/locus.fpl?dbid=S000006404 ARR2] in ''E. coli'' showed arsenate reductase activity and complemented the arsenate-sensitive phenotype of an ArsC deletion <cite>rosen-98 rosen-00 yeo09</cite>. The Cx5R motif is required for its arsenate reductase activity  <cite>rosen-01</cite>. Arr2 is a fast evolving protein with no confident orthologs outside of closely-related species. ''S. cerevisiae'' has a gene named '''[[Yeast_Gene_YCH1|YCH1]]''' similar to ARR2.  ''S. cerevisiae'' has a [[Subfamily_CDC25|CDC25]] '''[[Yeast_Gene_MIH1|MIH1]]'''.
 ==== ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' ====

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:48, 23 August 2015
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−	[[Phosphatase classification\|Phosphatase Classification]]: [[Phosphatase_Fold_Rhodanese\|Fold CC3 ~~(Rhondanese)~~]]: [[Phosphatase_Superfamily_CC3\|Superfamily CC3 ~~(Rhondanese)~~]]: [[Phosphatase_Family_CDC25\|Family CDC25]]: [[Phosphatase_Subfamily_Acr2\|Subfamily Acr2]]	+	[[Phosphatase classification\|Phosphatase Classification]]: [[Phosphatase_Fold_Rhodanese\|Fold CC3]]: [[Phosphatase_Superfamily_CC3\|Superfamily CC3]]: [[Phosphatase_Family_CDC25\|Family CDC25]]: [[Phosphatase_Subfamily_Acr2\|Subfamily Acr2]]

	=== Acr2, phosphatase or arsenate reductase? ===		=== Acr2, phosphatase or arsenate reductase? ===

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/831832 Acr2] was initially characterized as a phosphatase, given that: i) protein structure solved by NMR <cite>atha-phosphatase-04</cite>, ii) recombinant expression in E. coli showed tyrosine phosphatase activity towards an artificial substrate <cite>atha-phosphatase-04b</cite>, and iii) overexpression in fission yeast accelerated mitosis <cite>atha-phosphatase-05</cite>.  However, its overexpression or knockout has no obvious cell cycle phenotype <cite>Boudolf06</cite>.
-''Arabidopsis thaliana'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/831832 Acr2] has been suggested to play a role in arsenate reduction <cite>atha-ar-06 atha-ar-06b fern05</cite>. However, knocking out ACR2 does not affect arsenic redox status in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' <cite>atha-ar-12</cite>. Another CC2 fold protein, HAC1/[AT2G21045 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/816639] was recently shown to be the dominant arsenate reductase in A. thaliana <cite>Chao</cite>.
+''Arabidopsis thaliana'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/831832 Acr2] has been suggested to play a role in arsenate reduction <cite>atha-ar-06 atha-ar-06b fern05</cite>. However, knocking out ACR2 does not affect arsenic redox status in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' <cite>atha-ar-12</cite>. Another CC2 fold protein, HAC1/[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/816639 AT2G21045] was recently shown to be the dominant arsenate reductase in A. thaliana <cite>Chao</cite>.
 ==== ''Oryza sativa'' (rice) ====

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/831832 Acr2] was initially characterized as a phosphatase, given that: i) protein structure solved by NMR <cite>atha-phosphatase-04</cite>, ii) recombinant expression in E. coli showed tyrosine phosphatase activity towards an artificial substrate <cite>atha-phosphatase-04b</cite>, and iii) overexpression in fission yeast accelerated mitosis <cite>atha-phosphatase-05</cite>.  However, its overexpression or knockout has no obvious cell cycle phenotype <cite>Boudolf06</cite>.
-''Arabidopsis thaliana'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/831832 Acr2] has been suggested to play a role in arsenate reduction <cite>atha-ar-06 atha-ar-06b fern05</cite>. However, knocking out ACR2 does not affect arsenic redox status in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' <cite>atha-ar-12</cite>. Another CC2 fold protein was recently shown to be the dominant arsenate reductase in A. thaliana <cite>Chao</cite>.
+''Arabidopsis thaliana'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/831832 Acr2] has been suggested to play a role in arsenate reduction <cite>atha-ar-06 atha-ar-06b fern05</cite>. However, knocking out ACR2 does not affect arsenic redox status in ''Arabidopsis thaliana'' <cite>atha-ar-12</cite>. Another CC2 fold protein, HAC1/[AT2G21045|http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/816639] was recently shown to be the dominant arsenate reductase in A. thaliana <cite>Chao</cite>.
 ==== ''Oryza sativa'' (rice) ====
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 <biblio>
 #rosen-10 pmid=20025242
 #yeo09 pmid=19382206
 #rosen-98 pmid=9812373