View source for Phosphatase Subfamily STYXL1

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[[Phosphatase classification|Phosphatase Classification]]: [[Phosphatase_Fold_CC1|Fold CC1]]:  [[Phosphatase_Superfamily_CC1|Superfamily CC1]]: [[Phosphatase_Family_DSP|Family DSP]]: [[Phosphatase_Subfamily_ STYXL1 |Subfamily STYXL1]]

STYXL1 (MK-STYX) is a pseudophosphatase (catalytically inactive) conserved in metazoa but lost in ecdysozoa. Two binding partners have been known so far: phosphatase PTPMT1 and a Ras signaling regulator G3BP1.

=== Evolution ===
STYXL1 is found in [[metazoa]] but lost in [[ecdysozoa]] (arthropods and nematodes) <cite>Chen</cite>. It is usually found in one copy per genome.

=== Domain ===
STYXL1 has two domains: an N-terminal rhodanese domain and C-terminal phosphatase domain.

=== Functions ===
STYXL1 is expressed in most tissues (see [http://www.gtexportal.org/home/gene/STYXL1 GTEx data]). 

STYXL1 physically and genetically interacts with the mitochondrial phosphatase PTPMT1, and suppresses PTPMT1 catalytic activity.  STYXL1 knockdown induces robust chemoresistance to multiple cytotoxic death-inducing agents.  Loss of STYXL1 blocks cytochrome c release, a critical and rate-limiting step in apoptosis.  knockdown of PTPMT1 resensitizes STYXL1 knockdown cells to chemotherapeutics and restores the ability to release cytochrome c. This suggests that STYXL1 controls apoptosis by negatively regulating PTPMT1 <cite> Niemi11, Niemi14</cite>. 

STYXL1 also interacts with G3BP-1 (Ras-GTPase activating protein SH3 domain binding protein-1), a key component of stress granules. G3BP1 is an RNA-binding protein with endoribonuclease activity that is recruited to 'stress granules' after stress stimuli. Stress granules are large subcellular structures that serve as sites of mRNA sorting, in which untranslated mRNAs accumulate. A mutant active STYXL1, which has been transformed from pseudophosphatase to phosphatase by restoration of HC of the HCx5R motif, has opposite effects to wild-type STYKL1 (inactive). The active mutant STYXL1 induces stress granules and dephosphorylates G3BP-1. <cite>Hinton10, Barr13</cite>.

STYXL1 induces neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, while the active mutant does not <cite>Flowers</cite>. It is a likely regulator of RhoA signaling in these cells.

=== References ===
<biblio>
#Barr13 pmid=23163895
#Chen pmid=28400531
#Flowers pmid=25479605
#Hinton10 pmid=20180778
#Niemi11 pmid=21262771
#Niemi14 pmid=24709986
</biblio>