Phosphatase Subfamily AP

Phosphatase Classification: Fold AP: Superfamily AP: Family AP: Subfamily AP(Alkaline phosphatase)

Alkaline phosphatase is a conserved phosphatase that has a broad of substrates, including proteins. It is used in clinical lab test, diary industry and biomedical research.

Evolution

Alkaline phosphatases are found in some bacteria, and most eukaryotes, with notable exceptions of nematodes, fungi, and most plants (see internal database). They belong to the alkaline phosphatase-like fold (SCOP), which contains other enzymes, such as phosphoesterases and sulfatases. Human has four APs. Three of them (ALPP, ALPPL2, ALPI) map to the same chromosomal location, at 1q36.

APs were lost from most nematodes except a few individual species of different nematode lineages, as shown by BLASTing human and fruit fly AP against NR database. APs were also lost in monosiga and sponge.

Domain

APs have single phosphatase domain, and an N-terminal signal peptide.

Functions

There are four human alkaline phosphatases, named by their tissue expression: ALPI (alkaline phosphatase, intestinal), ALPP (alkaline phosphatase, placental), ALPPL2 (alkaline phosphatase, placental-like 2), and ALPL (alkaline phosphatase, liver/bone/kidneytissue). Early reports found that ALPL and ALPI can dephosphorylate Histone H2A [1, 2] and that PLAP is a protein tyrosine phosphatase [3], but their physiological relevance as protein phosphatases is still unclear. The bovine form of ALPI is used extensively to dephosphorylate all proteins in experimental assays.

Diseases

• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) together with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was independent prognostic factors for overall survival of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. A combination of the two indexes might contribute to further identification of survival differences in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [4].

• Serum alkaline phosphatase negatively affects endothelium-dependent vasodilation in naïve hypertensive patients [5].

References

Error fetching PMID 6167574:
Error fetching PMID 8396040:
Error fetching PMID 3011792:
Error fetching PMID 26324506:
Error fetching PMID 26323257: