Difference between revisions of "Phosphatase Subfamily PFKFB"

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[[Phosphatase classification|Phosphatase Classification]]: [[Phosphatase_Fold_HP|Fold HP]]: [[Phosphatase_Superfamily_HP|Superfamily HP]] (histidine phosphatase):  [[Phosphatase_Family_HP1|HP, branch1 family]]: [[Phosphatase_Subfamily_PFKFB|Subfamily PFKFB]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Phosphatase classification|Phosphatase Classification]]: [[Phosphatase_Fold_HP|Fold HP]]: [[Phosphatase_Superfamily_HP|Superfamily HP]]:  [[Phosphatase_Family_HP1|HP, branch1 family]]: [[Phosphatase_Subfamily_PFKFB|Subfamily PFKFB]]
  
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PFKFB is a dual kinase and phosphatase that both phosphorylates and dephosphorylates fructose to fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2). Fru-2,6-P2 is an allosteric activator of the key glycolysis enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 (Pfk1), so PKFKB activities both activate and deactivate glycolysis.
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PFKFB stands for 6-[[p]]hospho[[f]]ructo-2-[[k]]inase/[[f]]ructose-2,6-[[b]]iphosphatase
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=== Evolution ===
 
=== Evolution ===
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Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a potent metabolic regulator in eukaryotic organisms; it affects the activity of key enzymes of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. The enzymes responsible for its synthesis and hydrolysis, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK-2) and fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2) are present in representa- tives of all major eukaryotic taxa. Results from a bioinformatics analysis of genome databases suggest that very early in evolution, in a common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes, distinct genes encoding PFK-2 and FBPase-2, or related enzymes with broader substrate specificity, fused resulting in a bifunctional enzyme both domains of which had, or later acquired, specificity for fructose 2,6-bispho- sphate. Subsequently, in different phylogenetic lineages duplications of the gene of the bifunctional enzyme occurred, allowing the development of distinct isoenzymes for expression in different tissues, at specific developmental stages or under different nutritional conditions. Independently in different lineages of many unicellular eukaryotes one of the domains of the different PFK-2/FBPase-2 isoforms has undergone substitutions of critical catalytic residues, or deletions rendering some enzymes monofunctional. In a considerable number of other unicellular eukaryotes, mainly parasitic organisms, the enzyme seems to have been lost altogether. Besides the catalytic core, the PFK-2/FBPase-2 has often N- and C-terminal extensions which show little sequence conservation. The N-terminal extension in particular can vary considerably in length, and seems to have acquired motifs which, in a lineage-specific manner, may be responsible for regulation of catalytic activities, by phosphorylation or ligand binding, or for mediating protein-protein interactions.
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PFKFB is found in most eukaryotic groups, and is thought to result from an early fusion of it's two enzymatic domains (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK-2) and fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2). Two distinct genes encoding PFK-2 and FBPase-2, or related enzymes with broader substrate specificity, fused resulting in a bifunctional enzyme both domains of which had, or later acquired, specificity for fructose 2,6-bisphosphate <cite>rider04, michel06</cite>.  
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This enzyme is duplicated in many lineages, sometimes losing either kinase or phosphatase activity in the duplicates, and in some parasitic lineages, the gene is lost entirely <cite>michel06</cite>
  
 
=== Domain ===
 
=== Domain ===
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PFKFB has two domains for its two functions  <cite>rider04, michel06</cite>:
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* The kinase PFK-2 domain for synthesis of Fru-2,6-P2, has an adenylate kinase fold, confirmed by crystal structure.
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* The phosphatase FBPase-2 domain for degradation of Fru-2,6-P2 is a HP1 domain.
  
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=== Catalytic activity ===
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=== Functions ===
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PFKFB is a homodimeric bifunctional enzyme that catalyses both the synthesis and degradation of Fru-2,6-P2 (fructose 2,6-bisphosphate) during glycolysis  <cite>rider04, michel06</cite>. Fru-2,6-P2 is also the substrate of [[Phosphatase_Subfamily_TIGAR|Subfamily TIGAR]], another subfamily of HP1 phosphatases.
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The four human PFKFBs have slightly different gene expression across different tissues. PFKFB3 has an isoform-specific S-glutathionylation, which mediates its functions in regulating oxidative stress homeostasis <cite>Seo14</cite>.
  
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=== Tissue-specific expression ===
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=== References ===
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<biblio>
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#rider04 pmid=15170386
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#Seo14 pmid=24295899
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#michel06 pmid=16766380
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</biblio>

Latest revision as of 21:50, 25 October 2016

Phosphatase Classification: Fold HP: Superfamily HP: HP, branch1 family: Subfamily PFKFB

PFKFB is a dual kinase and phosphatase that both phosphorylates and dephosphorylates fructose to fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2). Fru-2,6-P2 is an allosteric activator of the key glycolysis enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 (Pfk1), so PKFKB activities both activate and deactivate glycolysis.

Evolution

PFKFB is found in most eukaryotic groups, and is thought to result from an early fusion of it's two enzymatic domains (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFK-2) and fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2). Two distinct genes encoding PFK-2 and FBPase-2, or related enzymes with broader substrate specificity, fused resulting in a bifunctional enzyme both domains of which had, or later acquired, specificity for fructose 2,6-bisphosphate [1, 2].

This enzyme is duplicated in many lineages, sometimes losing either kinase or phosphatase activity in the duplicates, and in some parasitic lineages, the gene is lost entirely [2]

Domain

PFKFB has two domains for its two functions [1, 2]:

  • The kinase PFK-2 domain for synthesis of Fru-2,6-P2, has an adenylate kinase fold, confirmed by crystal structure.
  • The phosphatase FBPase-2 domain for degradation of Fru-2,6-P2 is a HP1 domain.

Functions

PFKFB is a homodimeric bifunctional enzyme that catalyses both the synthesis and degradation of Fru-2,6-P2 (fructose 2,6-bisphosphate) during glycolysis [1, 2]. Fru-2,6-P2 is also the substrate of Subfamily TIGAR, another subfamily of HP1 phosphatases. The four human PFKFBs have slightly different gene expression across different tissues. PFKFB3 has an isoform-specific S-glutathionylation, which mediates its functions in regulating oxidative stress homeostasis [3].

References

  1. Rider MH, Bertrand L, Vertommen D, Michels PA, Rousseau GG, and Hue L. 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: head-to-head with a bifunctional enzyme that controls glycolysis. Biochem J. 2004 Aug 1;381(Pt 3):561-79. DOI:10.1042/BJ20040752 | PubMed ID:15170386 | HubMed [rider04]
  2. Michels PA and Rigden DJ. Evolutionary analysis of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolism. IUBMB Life. 2006 Mar;58(3):133-41. DOI:10.1080/15216540600688280 | PubMed ID:16766380 | HubMed [michel06]
  3. Seo M and Lee YH. PFKFB3 regulates oxidative stress homeostasis via its S-glutathionylation in cancer. J Mol Biol. 2014 Feb 20;426(4):830-42. DOI:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.021 | PubMed ID:24295899 | HubMed [Seo14]
All Medline abstracts: PubMed | HubMed
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