Phosphatase Subfamily PPP2C
Phosphatase Classification: Fold MTDP: Superfamily MTDP: Family PPP: Subfamily PPP2C (PP2A)
PPP2C is the catalytic subunit of holoenzyme PP2A. PP2A holoenzymes are heterotrimers consisting of a core dimer of two subunits catalytic subunit (C) and regulatory subunit A (PR65), and a third regulatory subunit B-type [1]. Multiple genes encode each subunits, which resulting in a total of about 75 different holoenzyme compositions [2].
Contents
[hide]Evolution
PPP2C subfamily is found throughout eukaryotes. Human has two PPP2C: PPP2CA and PPP2CB. In most bilateria, it has a single copy, such as worm, fruit fly and sea urchin. In yeast, it has two copies: PPH21 and PPH22. (Note: the evolution of PP2A holoenzyme should be elucidated.)
Domain
PPP1C has a single domain - phosphatase domain.
Functions
PP2A accounts for the majority of phospho-serine/threonine phosphatase activity in most cells and is involved in the regulation of nearly every cellular process, including different signaling pathways, cell cycle progression, DNA replication, gene transcription and protein translation [3, 4]. It is considered to be a principal guardian against tumorigenic transformation [5]. Some viruses target this protein to hijack the host cell [1].
PPP2C controls the activity of at least 50 different kinases by directly interaction or linked via a anchoring protein. PPP2C not only integrate signals within phoshorylation cascades but also to be the focal point of a distinct post-translational modification, reversible protein methylation [2].
Examples of PP2A functions:
- Hedgehog signaling. PP2A functions with PPFIA1 to promote the dephosphorylation of Kif7, triggering Kif7 localization to the tips of primary cilia and promoting Gli transcriptional activity. Both Kif7 and Gli are components in Hedgehog signaling [6]. (PS: Interestingly, PPFIA1 is known as interacting partner with tyrosine phosphatase PTPRF.)
- PP2A/B55 complex dephosphorylates heat shock factor 1. The regulatory subunit B55 directly binds to HSF1 [7].
- PP2A-B56ϵ complex is involved in dephosphorylation of γ-H2AX in the repair process of topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin-induced DNA double-strand breaks [8].
References
- Janssens V, Longin S, and Goris J. PP2A holoenzyme assembly: in cauda venenum (the sting is in the tail). Trends Biochem Sci. 2008 Mar;33(3):113-21. DOI:10.1016/j.tibs.2007.12.004 |
- Janssens V, Goris J, and Van Hoof C. PP2A: the expected tumor suppressor. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2005 Feb;15(1):34-41. DOI:10.1016/j.gde.2004.12.004 |
- Janssens V and Goris J. Protein phosphatase 2A: a highly regulated family of serine/threonine phosphatases implicated in cell growth and signalling. Biochem J. 2001 Feb 1;353(Pt 3):417-39. DOI:10.1042/0264-6021:3530417 |
- Sontag E. Protein phosphatase 2A: the Trojan Horse of cellular signaling. Cell Signal. 2001 Jan;13(1):7-16. DOI:10.1016/s0898-6568(00)00123-6 |
- Westermarck J and Hahn WC. Multiple pathways regulated by the tumor suppressor PP2A in transformation. Trends Mol Med. 2008 Apr;14(4):152-60. DOI:10.1016/j.molmed.2008.02.001 |
- Liu YC, Couzens AL, Deshwar AR, B McBroom-Cerajewski LD, Zhang X, Puviindran V, Scott IC, Gingras AC, Hui CC, and Angers S. The PPFIA1-PP2A protein complex promotes trafficking of Kif7 to the ciliary tip and Hedgehog signaling. Sci Signal. 2014 Dec 9;7(355):ra117. DOI:10.1126/scisignal.2005608 |
- Ishikawa Y, Kawabata S, and Sakurai H. HSF1 transcriptional activity is modulated by IER5 and PP2A/B55. FEBS Lett. 2015 Apr 28;589(10):1150-5. DOI:10.1016/j.febslet.2015.03.019 |