Difference between revisions of "Phosphatase Subfamily PTPRN"
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===Domain Structure=== | ===Domain Structure=== | ||
| + | .... | ||
| + | ectodomain has a ferredoxin-like fold <cite>Primo08, Primo11</cite>. | ||
===Functions=== | ===Functions=== | ||
| − | Both human PTPRN and PTPRN2 are abundantly expressed in brain. It is expressed at limited level or even not expressed in other normal tissues <cite></cite> (see GTEx | + | Both human PTPRN and PTPRN2 are abundantly expressed in brain. It is expressed at limited level or even not expressed in other normal tissues <cite></cite> (see GTEx [http://www.gtexportal.org/home/gene/PTPRN2 PTPRN2]. |
| + | ====== PTPRN (IA-2/ICA512) ====== | ||
| + | PTPRN is an enzymatically inactive due to mutations at catalytic and WPD motifs (???? reference). | ||
| + | |||
| + | PTPRN, aka IA-2 or ICA512 (Islet cell antigen 512), was first isolated from an islet cDNA expression library by screening with human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus sera <cite>Rabin94</cite>. It is an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen#Autoantigens autoantigen] of type I diabetes and an intrinsic membrane protein of neurosecretory granules <cite>Solimena96, Cui96</cite>. PTPRN was found in normal human brain, pituitary, pancreas, and brain tumor cell lines, but not in a variety of other normal or tumor tissues <cite>Lan94</cite>. (note: the tissue expression is supported by [http://www.gtexportal.org/home/gene/PTPRN RNA-seq data from GTEx project]). | ||
| + | |||
| + | PTPRN associates with the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663867 secretory granules] (SGs) of neuroendocrine cells including pancreatic beta-cells. The exocytosis of SGs and insertion of PTPRN in the plasma membrane promotes the calcium-dependent cleavage of PTPRN cytoplasmic domain by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain mu-calpain], a calcium-dependent, non-lysosomal cysteine proteases (proteolytic enzymes). The cleavage occurs at the plasma membrane and generates an PTPRN cytosolic fragment that is targeted to the nucleus, where it binds the E3-SUMO ligase protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-y (PIASy) and up-regulates insulin expression <cite>Trajkovski04</cite>. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Meanwhile, PTPRN binds beta2-syntrophin, a modular adapter interacts with proteins in actin cytoskeleton (e.g. utrophin). The association is mediated by PTPRN cytoplasmic region (663-700) and beta2-syntrophin PDZ domain. In vitro mu-calpain cleaves PTPRN at the site within the region mediates PTPRN binding to beta2-syntrophin <cite>Ort00, Ort01</cite>. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Alternative splicing determines differential PTPRN expression in islets compared with thymus and spleen. Islets express full-length mRNA and two alternatively spliced transcripts, whereas thymus and spleen exclusively express an alternatively spliced transcript lacking exon 13. This difference in splicing may play a permissive role in the development of autoimmune responses to PTPRN <cite>Diez01</cite>. | ||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
<biblio> | <biblio> | ||
| − | + | #Cui96 pmid=8798755 | |
| + | #Diez01 pmid=11289059 | ||
| + | #Lan94 pmid=8024693 | ||
| + | #Ort00 pmid=11043403 | ||
| + | #Ort01 pmid=11483505 | ||
| + | #Primo08 pmid=18048354 | ||
| + | #Primo11 pmid=21935384 | ||
| + | #Rabin94 pmid=8144912 | ||
| + | #Solimena96 pmid=8641276 | ||
| + | #Trajkovski04 pmid=15596545 | ||
</biblio> | </biblio> | ||
Revision as of 01:42, 10 March 2015
Phosphatase Classification: Fold CC1: Superfamily CC1: Family PTP: Subfamily PTPRN
Evolution
Domain Structure
....
ectodomain has a ferredoxin-like fold [1, 2].
Functions
Both human PTPRN and PTPRN2 are abundantly expressed in brain. It is expressed at limited level or even not expressed in other normal tissues [] (see GTEx PTPRN2.
PTPRN (IA-2/ICA512)
PTPRN is an enzymatically inactive due to mutations at catalytic and WPD motifs (???? reference).
PTPRN, aka IA-2 or ICA512 (Islet cell antigen 512), was first isolated from an islet cDNA expression library by screening with human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus sera [3]. It is an autoantigen of type I diabetes and an intrinsic membrane protein of neurosecretory granules [4, 5]. PTPRN was found in normal human brain, pituitary, pancreas, and brain tumor cell lines, but not in a variety of other normal or tumor tissues [6]. (note: the tissue expression is supported by RNA-seq data from GTEx project).
PTPRN associates with the secretory granules (SGs) of neuroendocrine cells including pancreatic beta-cells. The exocytosis of SGs and insertion of PTPRN in the plasma membrane promotes the calcium-dependent cleavage of PTPRN cytoplasmic domain by mu-calpain, a calcium-dependent, non-lysosomal cysteine proteases (proteolytic enzymes). The cleavage occurs at the plasma membrane and generates an PTPRN cytosolic fragment that is targeted to the nucleus, where it binds the E3-SUMO ligase protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-y (PIASy) and up-regulates insulin expression [7].
Meanwhile, PTPRN binds beta2-syntrophin, a modular adapter interacts with proteins in actin cytoskeleton (e.g. utrophin). The association is mediated by PTPRN cytoplasmic region (663-700) and beta2-syntrophin PDZ domain. In vitro mu-calpain cleaves PTPRN at the site within the region mediates PTPRN binding to beta2-syntrophin [8, 9].
Alternative splicing determines differential PTPRN expression in islets compared with thymus and spleen. Islets express full-length mRNA and two alternatively spliced transcripts, whereas thymus and spleen exclusively express an alternatively spliced transcript lacking exon 13. This difference in splicing may play a permissive role in the development of autoimmune responses to PTPRN [10].
References
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